Showing posts with label renewable energy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label renewable energy. Show all posts

Thursday, 7 August 2025

Where the Apple Falls, An Easter Story, now on Audible

Where the Apple Falls, An Easter Story, now on Audiobook (Amazon)

It is set at Easter and has some family-related themes that relate indirectly to Easter, but it doesn’t have to be Easter for to you to enjoy it and you don’t have to be particularly religious, either.Where the Apple Falls.  On e-book and audiobook.

Where the Apple Falls, An Easter Story

This short story (approx. 6500 words) focuses on the complex and somewhat troubled relations between children, parents, and grandparents.  It also revolves around the mysterious forces of the universe, including the various notions of the divine held by the people in the story, which sometimes conflict, much as they do in the world in general.  An Easter service and a freshly planted apple tree draw the parties together, over one fateful Easter weekend.

The story is just 99 cents U.S. (or equivalent in other currencies) and is also available on Kindle Unlimited. It is periodically on free promotion on Amazon as well.

Amazon:

U.S.: http://www.amazon.com/Where-Apple-Falls-Easter-Story-ebook/dp/B00JSDW6XY 

UK: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Where-Apple-Falls-Easter-Story-ebook/dp/B00JSDW6XY

Canada: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00JSDW6XY

Australia: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00JSDW6XY

Germany: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00JSDW6XY

France: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00JSDW6XY

Spain: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00JSDW6XY

Italy: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00JSDW6XY

Netherlands: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00JSDW6XY

India: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00JSDW6XY

Japan: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00JSDW6XY

Mexico: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00JSDW6XY

Brazil: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00JSDW6XY

Sunday, 29 October 2023

From the Prairies to the Foothills: Brazeau Dam Trip, Part 1

 From the Prairies to the Foothills: Brazeau Dam Trip, Part 1

Edmonton to Highway 620, near Drayton Valley

(Oct 2023)

This is a 3-part blog about a day-trip from Edmonton Alberta to the Brazeau Dam site, in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. It is a bit long, so I broke it up into 3 parts:

  1. To Highway 620, from Edmonton, following the N. Sask River, more or less.

  2. Highway 620 in the foothills, including a stop at the Brazeau Dam Reservoir.

  3. From Highway 11 back to Edmonton, through the south-central farmlands.

There are two main aspects to a road trip: the journey and the destination. Sometimes the trip is all about the journey, sometimes it’s all about the destination. Usually it is a little of both.


To a considerable extent, it depends on the time spent on the journey versus the destination. If most of the time is spent “getting there”, then the journey is the main thing. If most of the time is spent “being there”, then the destination is the thing.

This Oct 19, 2023 day-trip from Edmonton to the Brazeau Dam and back definitely focuses on the “journey” aspect of a road trip, rather than the destination. As such, I will go through it in some detail, describing the various highways, large and small, paved and gravel, that we took. I will note the scenery and other observations that the journey inspired.

1) Edmonton to Spring Lake (Highway 628 west), then a short drive on Hwy 770 south to Hwy 627

Highway 628 out of Edmonton is mostly a fairly narrow two-lane road, that passes by the River Cree Resort and Casino (owned by a local native community), then by semi-rural farmland interspersed with acreage developments. Eventually it goes by a small community called Spring Lake, which is a nice little area about 30 km from the outskirts of Edmonton. I have friends and relatives that lived there, on acreage properties.


From the Spring Lake area, you can take a range road (20) south to pick up Highway 627 or carry on west to Highway 770, which can then be used to connect southwards to Highway 627. However we chose to carry on even farther west, which led to some narrow and hilly gravel range and township roads.

This was an interesting diversion, though rather slow, due to the gravel surface and the twisting roads. It was very interesting to drive and quite scenic – well treed, with small farms, sometimes hobby farms and acreage type dwellings. The trees are mostly aspen and balsam poplar with some white spruce. The hilliness is due to glacial deposits, from the time of the last ice age. Unfortunately, since I was busy driving and Scott was busy navigating, we didn’t get any pictures. It would be well worth returning, just for that, as well as the fun of the drive.

After a while we reached Highway 770, where we turned south. This is a fairly short connector to Hwy 627. It also goes through this hilly, small-lake country. Jackfish Lake is a notable local recreation area and fishing hole. By the way, Jackfish is another name for Northern Pike.

2) Highway 627 west to Intersection with Highway 759


 After a drive of only ten minutes of so, we reached Highway 627 and headed west. The North Saskatchewan River comes fairly close to this highway at one point, but there is no crossing. The route is mostly farmland at this point, with some treed areas that seem to be following streams that feed into the North Saskatchewan, though many of these may be ephemeral streams (only there during high water).

There was a surprising amount of truck traffic on this stretch of the road. In a short time, this was revealed to be due to the Keephills Generating Station, which is just off the highway, to the south, less than ten kilometers from the turnoff.

This general area has been mined extensively for coal, which supplies this plant and some others just north at Lake Wabamun. As one would expect, there is a fair bit of moonscape, from the mining. Some of these areas have obviously been reclaimed as they are mined out, as there are large acreages of fairly new grass. We spotted a couple of very large pieces of machinery (drag-lines? Big buckets?), that had obviously used in coal mining. Were they too expensive to move? No market to sell them? Or were they waiting for coal-mining to be permitted again? It’s was a mystery.

As far as I know, the generating plants in Alberta are not supposed to be using coal anymore. But perhaps some are grandfathered in, and still use coal. It is hard to think of what else the big trucks coming to and going from the generating station would be hauling. Natural gas would no doubt be supplied by pipeline.

A look at their website said that two of their boilers have been converted to natural gas, but one of them is still burning coal, though with substantial emission controls. There was no indication of whether or not they were keeping it going with coal, intending it to be a CO2 capture project eventually. But, maybe that’s the plan. There are huge plans for carbon capture and sequestration in this general area.

At the intersection of Hwy 627 and Hwy 759, we turned south.

3) Highway 759 to Highway 39

This was fairly flat land, mostly farms and fields. The highway was good.

There is a small town called Tomahawk along the way, with a bar called the Dog Gone Saloon. The place has the virtue of interesting names. The saloon’s Facebook page seems to primarily feature strippers, which is, shall we say, unexpected. Some might say, this needs a photo, so this one is fairly mellow - nothing you might not see at the beach (from the saloon’s facebook page).


The highway does have a crossing of the North Saskatchewan River (Berrymoor Bridge). The river is quite broad at this point but the valley is not very deep and the bridge is quite utilitarian. Too be fair, the river is low at this time of year, so the view probably suffers a bit for that. There is a campground nearby, so you could try your hand at fishing, or put in a canoe.

At the intersection of this highway with Highway 39, we turned west again.

4) Highway 39 (22) to Highway 620, near Drayton Valley

Highway 39 is a fairly busy road, as it is approaching Drayton Valley at this point. That means quite a lot of truck traffic in particular, as Drayton Valley is an important industrial center for this area. That includes agriculture, forestry and oil-field, all of which are heavily truck-based.

Highway 39 ends a little ways before Drayton Valley, and becomes Highway 22. At that point, you can take Hwy 22 west or Hwy 22 south. We took the western leg as it heads towards Drayton Valley.

There is another crossing of the North Saskatchewan River shortly before getting to Drayton Valley. Like the previous crossing at Berrymoor, the bridge is far from spectacular, though the river is very wide and sports an island on one side (Google Maps photo). There are some campgrounds nearby, where you can rent cabins, and enjoy being near the big river. They look to be quite cozy.


There was a turnoff, which a lot of trucks seemed to be taking, somewhat before reaching Drayton Valley, but it wasn’t clear what the business was. Probably a sawmill, as there is a big Weyerhaeuser mill in town.

Just before the main part of Drayton Valley is the turnoff tho Highway 620, which goes to the Brazeau Dam and Reservoir. We turned south onto that road.

Further Reading

If you like road trips, here are a couple more on Amazon, just $0.99 (99 cents U.S., equivalent in other currencies). Once every three months or so, they are free, so keep looking if you want to save that money for your retirement years. :)

On the Road with Bronco Billy


Sit back and go on a ten day trucking trip in a big rig, through western North America, from Alberta to Texas, and back again. Explore the countryside, learn some trucking lingo, and observe the shifting cultural norms across this great continent.

Amazon U.S.: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00X2IRHSK

Amazon U.K.: http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B00X2IRHSK

Amazon Canada: http://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/B00X2IRHSK

Amazon Australia: https://www.amazon.com.au/dp/B00X2IRHSK

Amazon Germany: http://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B00X2IRHSK

Amazon France: https://www.amazon.fr/dp/B00X2IRHSK

Amazon Spain: https://www.amazon.es/dp/B00X2IRHSK

Amazon Italy: https://www.amazon.it/dp/B00X2IRHSK

Amazon Netherlands: https://www.amazon.nl/dp/B00X2IRHSK

Amazon Japan: https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00X2IRHSK

Amazon Brazil: https://www.amazon.com.br/dp/B00X2IRHSK

Amazon Mexico: https://www.amazon.com.mx/dp/B00X2IRHSK

Amazon India: https://www.amazon.in/dp/B00X2IRHSK


=======================================================

What follows is an account of a ten day journey through western North America during a working trip, delivering lumber from Edmonton Alberta to Dallas Texas, and returning with oilfield equipment. The writer had the opportunity to accompany a friend who is a professional truck driver, which he eagerly accepted. He works as a statistician for the University of Alberta, and is therefore is generally confined to desk, chair, and computer. The chance to see the world from the cab of a truck, and be immersed in the truck driving culture was intriguing. In early May 1997 they hit the road.

Some time has passed since this journal was written and many things have changed since the late 1990’s. That renders the journey as not just a geographical one, but also a historical account, which I think only increases its interest.

We were fortunate to have an eventful trip - a mechanical breakdown, a near miss from a tornado, and a large-scale flood were among these events. But even without these turns of fate, the drama of the landscape, the close-up view of the trucking lifestyle, and the opportunity to observe the cultural habits of a wide swath of western North America would have been sufficient to fill up an interesting journal.

The travelogue is about 20,000 words, about 60 to 90 minutes of reading, at typical reading speeds.

Driving North - On the Road to Northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories: A Driving Journal

Have you ever wondered about a road trip to the far north, north of the Sixtieth Parallel? Well, here is your chance to read about three road trips, through the Peace River country and the northern Rockies, all the way to the shores of Great Slave Lake, just south of the Arctic Circle.


Just $1.99 on Amazon, or free if you have Kindle Unlimited.


Amazon U.S.: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B074LZDQ9F

Amazon U.K: https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B074LZDQ9F

Amazon CA: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B074LZDQ9F

Amazon Germany: https://www.amazon.de/dp/B074LZDQ9F

Amazon France: https://www.amazon.fr/dp/B074LZDQ9F

Amazon Spain: https://www.amazon.es/dp/B074LZDQ9F

Amazon Italy: https://www.amazon.it/dp/B074LZDQ9F

Amazon Netherlands: https://www.amazon.nl/dp/B074LZDQ9F

Amazon Brazil: https://www.amazon.com.br/dp/B074LZDQ9F

Amazon Mexico: https://www.amazon.com.mx/dp/B074LZDQ9F

Amazon Japan: https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B074LZDQ9F

Amazon India: https://www.amazon.in/dp/B074LZDQ9F

Amazon Australia: https://www.amazon.com.au/dp/B074LZDQ9F

The highways in northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories give one the opportunity to drive pretty far north, without a lot of elaborate preparations and extreme expense. Starting from Edmonton, one can drive as far north as Yellowknife, NWT, without leaving the hardtop, so an average vehicle can do the trip. There are a reasonable number of fair sized towns along the way, so accommodations are not much of a problem, either. The same goes for food, gasoline and other essentials.

One can also link up with the Alaska Highway, and the Dempster Highway, and make it all the way to the Arctic Ocean. But that’s another story.

Trip number 1 involved driving north through Alberta, visiting several areas of interest along the way, then into the Northwest Territories, to Hay River on the southern shore of Great Slave Lake. The return trip featured a drive through the north-central foothills of the Rocky Mountains.

Trip number 2 was a combined air and car trip. We went to Yellowknife, Northwest Territories by airplane, then rented a car to explore much of the area of the north shore of Great Slave Lake.

Trip number 3 was a return to Hay River, with a different travelling companion. This allowed one to retrace steps, compare and contrast, and focus on some areas that we had not had time to explore in depth on trip number 1.

Tuesday, 5 July 2022

Mining Lithium from Spent Oil Wells – Imperial Oil Dives into the Briny Alberta Waters





Mining Lithium from Spent Oil Wells – Imperial Oil Dives into the Briny Alberta Waters

The Globe and Mail Report on Business had a story on June 24, 2022 outlining the investment of about 6 million dollars to join a pilot project for extracting lithium from a major oil formation, once prolific but now largely depleted. That would be the Leduc formation, which was the oil-rich geologic formation in central Alberta that kicked off the oil boom in that part of western Canada. It was discovered by Imperial Oil in 1947, so they have a lot of corporate knowledge of the geology of this formation in their archives. It is worth noting that Imperial Oil is Calgary based, but is nearly 70% owned by Exxon.

The hope is that the formation will have lithium rich brine that can be used in batteries and other items essential to electrification plans around the world (see the details of an earlier blog below, which explains the science behind lithium brines and old oil wells). The oil major is partnering with a company called E3 Lithium Ltd, which has plans to spend over $600 million on a lithium extraction project near Olds, Alberta (between Calgary and Edmonton). This area is known as the Clearwater region, but the Leduc Formation has a couple of other areas that have good prospects for lithium, called Rocky and Exshaw.

E3 Lithium claims to have developed some innovative technology to extract the lithium from the brine. They also say that they will incorporate renewable energy and carbon capture, to supply the energy needed for the lithium extraction process. They hope to produce 20,000 tons of lithium hydroxiide per year, beginning in 2026. They also have plans to refine that to battery-grade lithium.

As an example of lithium needs at a practical level, a Tesla auto battery uses about 60 kilograms of lithium. So, in principle, a year’s production from this plant could provide enough lithium for about 330,000 Tesla cars. So, there is probably plenty of scope for expansion.

P.S. I have no personal stake in this project, other than scientific curiosity.


Mining Lithium from Spent Oil Wells – A Talk by University of Alberta Geology Professor Daniel Allesi

Introduction

In order to get to net zero emissions (or even to approach that goal), a great deal of energy storage will be required. That’s especially true in areas like Canada, which have long periods with little sunlight, thus making solar power infeasible for much of the year, unless ample electrical storage is available. Lithium is one of the materials that is needed for electric storage, so lithium is a strategic resource of great importance, one that is currently not that widely accessible in most of the world.

This talk about extracting lithium from brines associated with spent oil wells in Alberta, Canada was delivered by Dr. Daniel Allesi of the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the university of Alberta, a specialist in geochemistry and geomicrobiology. It dealt with his team’s research into the development of processes to extract lithium a commercial scale and prices competitive with current supplies. The official name of the talk was “Electric Potential; Extracting Lithium from Waste in Alberta”.

Lithium Demand

 

  • Huge growth in demand is expected for lithium, especially for use in Lithium-ion batteries. Lithium is basically used in all parts of these batteries, the anode, cathode and solution.

  • A 9X increase in demand is expected by 2030.

  • But supply is having trouble keeping up, so a shortage is expected soon, by about 2025.

  • Thus, many more sources of supply are needed, both conventional and unconventional.

  • One of those unconventional sources could be brine from the Duveney Formation, an oil-bearing rock formation in Alberta.

  • This brine is very salty, about 5X more than sea water (at about 136K ppm).

  • However it also does contain a fairly decent amount of Lithium, averaging at about 55 ppm.

  • Some cobalt, another strategic metal is also present, though at low concentrations.


     

Conventional Lithium Sources

  • Currently, one of the main conventional source of supply are salt flats, which contain Li2CO3.

    • Solar evaporation is used to concentrate brine that has been collected in evaporation ponds. This results in a lithium precipitate, with a recovery rate of 50-60% of the lithium in the brine.

    • However, there are considerable environment impacts from this process. It uses a lot of water, in regions that are scarce in water. That water then becomes contaminated.

    • It also takes years to months for the necessary evaporation to occur and requires a lot of sunshine. These conditions are not that common (The dry high desert area of Chile is a current main source).

  • Hard rock, open pit mining (granite pegmatite) is another conventional source of supply. This can produce both Li2CO3 and LiOH. There are various such mines around the world, either working or in development (e.g. Africa, Australia, U.S., Quebec, there is a possibility of an Alberta mine as well).

Alberta Lithium Potential

  • Alberta has many millions of tons of Lithium Carbonate bran, in underground sources.

  • Though these are relatively low grade sources compared to a lot of current conventional supplies, they are abundant.

  • One estimate is 10 million tons at $25 thousand dollars per ton, so there is potentially lots of money to be made. Some brines have high grades, up to 140 ppm.

  • They tend to be found in areas that have had extensive oil and gas production. Therefore, costs can be reduced as much of the infrastructure needed already exists (i.e. from the oil/gas exploration and development).

  • Lithium in these brines is thought to be driven by hydro-thermal volcanic activity, deep underground.


     

Lithium Extraction Technology for Alberta Brine

  • There are many options for lithium extraction, such as the use of solvents, membranes, electrolysis or selective absorption.

  • The basic process can be thought of in these stages:

    • Drill and collect brine from underground source.

    • Use direct lithium extraction process (ion exchange) to remove lithium from the brine.

    • Re-inject the lithium-depleted brine back underground.

    • Do some cleanup, then precipitate solid lithium from the concentrate.

  • Some technical details (very simplified)

    • Metal beads (the sorbent) are used to adsorb lithium ions from the brine. These are manganese (III) and manganese (IV).

    • The metals are dipped into the brine.

    • Essentially, lithium ions are adsorbed by being selected into small regions in the metal’s crystalline structure. That is due to its small size (lithium is only the third element in the periodic table).

    • This loads the metal beads with lithium.

    • The metal beads (sorbent) are then rinsed in a solution to extract the lithium from the sorbent, resulting in a highly concentrated brine.

    • Solid lithium is then precipitated out in ponds.

    • The sorbent is then dried out for re-use, to start the cycle over again.

  • The process can be quick, on the scale of hours rather than months.

  • It can recover 80%+ of the lithium, though there are also some other products produced by the process.

  • Some technical/commercial issues to be worked out.

    • The big problem is the need to recycle and reuse the sorbent for the economics to be competitive (sorbent is expensive).

    • But, manganese is lost during the process, which is a problem as it is a key part of the sorbent.

    • Though the brine is from a “free site” (a site previously used for oil and thus has ready-built infrastructure) this creates a problem. The brine is often contaminated with hydrocarbons and other unwanted substances.

    • This coating of the sorbent with these oils may be part of the problem that leads to the loss of sorbent.

  • This is the professor’s major area of research (i.e. the need to be able to reuse the sorbent).

    • For commercialization, the sorbent loss rate must be kept low, perhaps only 1% or so for each cycle of the process.

    • Basically, there is a need to “clean up” the brine in order to save the sorbent. This is especially true for organics in the brine.

    • One idea is to centrifuge the brine, to separate out the contaminants before mixing with the sorbent.

    • Washing with a surfactant (soap, basically) may help also help in the quest to maintain and reuse the sorbent.

    • Use of chlorine, peroxide or filtration (ultra fine, nano-level) are some possible approaches. But filters are expensive.

    • Coating the sorbent with something like zirconium might help to protect the manganese from reduction, so less loss of useful sorbent.

  • H2S can also be a problem, by reducing Mn(IV) to Mn(III) or Mn(II), which are less useful sorbents. So that may need to be scrubbed.

Commercialization

  • Problems have been solved in the lab, but can the process be done at a commercial, industrial scale? Research on this is ongoing.

  • Using petrol-brine at a rate of 10K cubic meters per day, with a concentration of 80 ppm can yield 1500 tons of lithium per year.

  • At current prices, that is feasible, but prices are high right now, so the economics might not work at lower prices.

  • Economic incentives (e.g. tax breaks, subsidies) would be helpful (naturally).

  • One advantage in favour of the process, is that the money earned via this method could offset oil industry water storage costs, so complete cost recovery may not be necessary (though always preferable).

  • Another advantages is that a skilled workforce already exists in Alberta (oil/gas workers are already familiar with a lot of aspects of the overall process). Some incentives for re-training would also be useful.

  • Ultimately, the greatest benefit would come from producing batteries from the lithium, rather than exporting it for others to do.

    World Lithium Sources (excluding Alberta lithium brine in old oil wells)



Sources:

The talk “Electric Potential; Extracting Lithium from Waste in Alberta”. By University of Alberta Talk by Professor Daniel Allesi

Alberta Brine Map and diagram: Eccles, D.R.; Berhane, H. Geological introduction to lithium-rich formation water withemphasis on the Fox Creek area of west-central Alberta (NTS 83F and 83K); Energy Resources Conservation Board, Edmonton, AB, 2011; pp 1-17.

Lithium Recovery from Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback and
Produced Water using a Manganese-Based Sorbent (Masters thesis byAdam John Seip

Wiki 

 

========================================================== 

And here is a description of a (relatively) carbon-emission reduced adventure, which you can buy on Kindle (also carbon-emission reduced, compared to paper).

A Ride on the Kettle Valley Rail Trail: A Biking Journal Kindle Edition

by Dale Olausen (Author), Helena Puumala (Editor) 



The Kettle Valley Rail Trail is one of the longest and most scenic biking and hiking trails in Canada. It covers a good stretch of the south-central interior of British Columbia, about 600 kilometers of scenic countryside. British Columbia is one of the most beautiful areas of Canada, which is itself a beautiful country, ideal for those who appreciate natural splendour and achievable adventure in the great outdoors.

The trail passes through a great variety of geographical and geological regions, from mountains to valleys, along scenic lakes and rivers, to dry near-desert condition grasslands. It often features towering canyons, spanned by a combination of high trestle bridges and long tunnels, as it passes through wild, unpopulated country. At other times, it remains quite low, in populated valleys, alongside spectacular water features such as beautiful Lake Okanagan, an area that is home to hundreds of vineyards, as well as other civilized comforts.

The trail is a nice test of one’s physical fitness, as well as one’s wits and adaptability, as much of it does travel through true wilderness. The views are spectacular, the wildlife is plentiful and the people are friendly. What more could one ask for?

What follows is a journal of two summers of adventure, biking most of the trail in the late 1990s. It is about 33,000 words in length (2 to 3 hours reading), and contains numerous photographs of the trail. There are also sections containing a brief history of the trail, geology, flora and fauna, and associated information.

After reading this account, you should have a good sense of whether the trail is right for you. If you do decide to ride the trail, it will be an experience you will never forget.

Amazon U.S.: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Amazon U.K.: https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Amazon Germany: https://www.amazon.de/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Amazon Canada: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Amazon Australia: https://www.amazon.com.au/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Saturday, 11 December 2021

Mining Lithium from Spent Oil Wells – University of Alberta Talk by Professor Daniel Allesi

Introduction

In order to get to net zero emissions (or even to approach that goal), a great deal of energy storage will be required. That’s especially true in areas like Canada, which have long periods with little sunlight, thus making solar power infeasible for much of the year, unless ample electrical storage is available. Lithium is one of the materials that is needed for electric storage, so lithium is a strategic resource of great importance, one that is currently not that widely accessible in most of the world.

 

This talk about extracting lithium from brines associated with spent oil wells in Alberta, Canada was delivered by Dr. Daniel Allesi of the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Alberta, a specialist in geochemistry and geomicrobiology. It dealt with his team’s research into the development of processes to extract lithium at commercial scale and prices competitive with current supplies. The official name of the talk was “Electric Potential; Extracting Lithium from Waste in Alberta”.

Lithium Demand

  • Huge growth in demand is expected for lithium, especially for use in Lithium-ion batteries. Lithium is basically used in all parts of these batteries, the anode, cathode and solution.

     A 9X increase in demand is expected by 2030.

  • But supply is having trouble keeping up, so a shortage is expected soon, by about 2025.

  • Thus, many more sources of supply are needed, both conventional and unconventional.

  • One of those unconventional sources could be brine from the Duveney Formation, an oil-bearing rock formation in Alberta.

  • This brine is very salty, about 5X more than sea water (at about 136K ppm).

  • However it also does contain a fairly decent amount of Lithium, averaging at about 55 ppm.

  • Some cobalt, another strategic metal is also present, though at low concentrations.

Conventional Lithium Sources

  • Currently, one of the main conventional source of supply are salt flats, which contain Li2CO3.

    • Solar evaporation is used to concentrate brine that has been collected in evaporation ponds. This results in a lithium precipitate, with a recovery rate of 50-60% of the lithium in the brine.

    • However, there are considerable environment impacts from this process. It uses a lot of water, in regions that are scarce in water. That water then becomes contaminated.

    • It also takes years to months for the necessary evaporation to occur and requires a lot of sunshine. These conditions are not that common (The dry high desert area of Chile is a current main source).

  • Hard rock, open pit mining (granite pegmatite) is another conventional source of supply. This can produce both Li2CO3 and LiOH. There are various such mines around the world, either working or in development (e.g. Africa, Australia, U.S., Quebec, there is a possibility of an Alberta mine as well).

Alberta Lithium Potential

  • Alberta has many millions of tons of Lithium Carbonate brine, in underground sources.

  • Though these are relatively low grade sources compared to a lot of current conventional supplies, they are abundant.

  • One estimate is 10 million tons at $25 thousand dollars per ton, so there is potentially lots of money to be made. Some brines have high grades, up to 140 ppm.

  • They tend to be found in areas that have had extensive oil and gas production. Therefore, costs can be reduced as much of the infrastructure needed already exists (i.e. from the oil/gas exploration and development).

  • Lithium in these brines is thought to be driven by hydro-thermal volcanic activity, deep underground.


Lithium Extraction Technology for Alberta Brine

  • There are many options for lithium extraction, such as the use of solvents, membranes, electrolysis or selective absorption.

  • The basic process can be thought of in these stages:

    • Drill and collect brine from underground source.

    • Use direct lithium extraction process (ion exchange) to remove lithium from the brine.

    • Re-inject the lithium-depleted brine back underground.

    • Do some cleanup, then precipitate solid lithium from the concentrate.

  • Some technical details (very simplified)

    • Metal beads (the sorbent) are used to adsorb lithium ions from the brine. These are manganese (III) and manganese (IV).

    • The metals are dipped into the brine.

    • Essentially, lithium ions are adsorbed by being selected into small regions in the metal’s crystalline structure. That is due to its small size (lithium is only the third element in the periodic table).

    • This loads the metal beads with lithium.

    • The metal beads (sorbent) are then rinsed in a solution to extract the lithium from the sorbent, resulting in a highly concentrated brine.

    • Solid lithium is then precipitated out in ponds.

    • The sorbent is then dried out for re-use, to start the cycle over again.

  • The process can be quick, on the scale of hours rather than months.

  • It can recover 80%+ of the lithium, though there are also some other products produced by the process.

  • Some technical/commercial issues to be worked out.

    • The big problem is the need to recycle and reuse the sorbent for the economics to be competitive (sorbent is expensive).

    • But, manganese is lost during the process, which is a problem as it is a key part of the sorbent.

    • Though the brine is from a “free site” (a site previously used for oil and thus has ready-built infrastructure) this creates a problem. The brine is often contaminated with hydrocarbons and other unwanted substances.

    • This coating of the sorbent with these oils may be part of the problem that leads to the loss of sorbent.

  • This is the professor’s major area of research (i.e. the need to be able to reuse the sorbent).

    • For commercialization, the sorbent loss rate must be kept low, perhaps only 1% or so for each cycle of the process.

    • Basically, there is a need to “clean up” the brine in order to save the sorbent. This is especially true for organics in the brine.

    • One idea is to centrifuge the brine, to separate out the contaminants before mixing with the sorbent.

    • Washing with a surfactant (soap, basically) may help also help in the quest to maintain and reuse the sorbent.

    • Use of chlorine, peroxide or filtration (ultra fine, nano-level) are some possible approaches. But filters are expensive.

    • Coating the sorbent with something like zirconium might help to protect the manganese from reduction, so less loss of useful sorbent.

  • H2S can also be a problem, by reducing Mn(IV) to Mn(III) or Mn(II), which are less useful sorbents. So that may need to be scrubbed.

Commercialization

  • Problems have been solved in the lab, but can the process be done at a commercial, industrial scale? Research on this is ongoing.

  • Using petrol-brine at a rate of 10K cubic meters per day, with a concentration of 80 ppm can yield 1500 tons of lithium per year.

  • At current prices, that is feasible, but prices are high right now, so the economics might not work at lower prices.

  • Economic incentives (e.g. tax breaks, subsidies) would be helpful (naturally).

  • One advantage in favour of the process, is that the money earned via this method could offset oil industry water storage costs, so complete cost recovery may not be necessary (though always preferable).

  • Another advantages is that a skilled workforce already exists in Alberta (oil/gas workers are already familiar with a lot of aspects of the overall process). Some incentives for re-training would also be useful.

  • Ultimately, the greatest benefit would come from producing batteries from the lithium, rather than exporting it for others to do.


Sources:

The talk “Electric Potential; Extracting Lithium from Waste in Alberta”. By University of Alberta Talk by Professor Daniel Allesi

Alberta Brine Map and diagram: Eccles, D.R.; Berhane, H. Geological introduction to lithium-rich formation water withemphasis on the Fox Creek area of west-central Alberta (NTS 83F and 83K); Energy Resources Conservation Board, Edmonton, AB, 2011; pp 1-17.

Lithium Recovery from Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback and
Produced Water using a Manganese-Based Sorbent (Masters thesis byAdam John Seip

Wiki 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

And here is a description of a (relatively) carbon-emission reduced adventure, which you can buy on Kindle (also carbon-emission reduced, compared to paper).

A Ride on the Kettle Valley Rail Trail: A Biking Journal Kindle Edition

by Dale Olausen (Author), Helena Puumala (Editor)


The Kettle Valley Rail Trail is one of the longest and most scenic biking and hiking trails in Canada. It covers a good stretch of the south-central interior of British Columbia, about 600 kilometers of scenic countryside. British Columbia is one of the most beautiful areas of Canada, which is itself a beautiful country, ideal for those who appreciate natural splendour and achievable adventure in the great outdoors.

The trail passes through a great variety of geographical and geological regions, from mountains to valleys, along scenic lakes and rivers, to dry near-desert condition grasslands. It often features towering canyons, spanned by a combination of high trestle bridges and long tunnels, as it passes through wild, unpopulated country. At other times, it remains quite low, in populated valleys, alongside spectacular water features such as beautiful Lake Okanagan, an area that is home to hundreds of vineyards, as well as other civilized comforts.

The trail is a nice test of one’s physical fitness, as well as one’s wits and adaptability, as much of it does travel through true wilderness. The views are spectacular, the wildlife is plentiful and the people are friendly. What more could one ask for?

What follows is a journal of two summers of adventure, biking most of the trail in the late 1990s. It is about 33,000 words in length (2 to 3 hours reading), and contains numerous photographs of the trail. There are also sections containing a brief history of the trail, geology, flora and fauna, and associated information.

After reading this account, you should have a good sense of whether the trail is right for you. If you do decide to ride the trail, it will be an experience you will never forget.

Amazon U.S.: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Amazon U.K.: https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Amazon Germany: https://www.amazon.de/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Amazon Canada: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Amazon Australia: https://www.amazon.com.au/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Monday, 15 November 2021

Accelerating the Net-Zero Transition - Can CCUS Keep Up?

 Accelerating the Net-Zero Transition - Can CCUS Keep Up?

Introduction

This blog relates information about CCUS (Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage) and from a panel discussion with participation from three major research universities in North America (and guests), with locations in important energy producing areas:

    • University of Alberta, Canada

    • University of Texas – Austin, U.S.

    • Tech de Monterey, Mexico

The University of Alberta is sponsoring these talks, along with the other institutions mentioned. This is my second blog reporting on this subject.

The first talk gave a lot of general information about what CCUS is and what it might be able to do in the future..

There was a lot of talk about carbon capture and sequestration in the past, which was often dismissed as uneconomic, unreliable or environmentally dangerous (a way to extend fossil fuel usage). Recently, the whole idea has become much more mainstream. I don’t know how much the situation has really changed, but it is worthwhile listening to these more recent claims, for context.

The first talk focused on it the use of CCUS to use de-carbonize some key industrial process, notably those which produce a lot of CO2 ( steel, chemicals and cement are the primary culprits). This second talk expanded on these uses and added some additional information on other likely purposes for CCUS. A key question was how ready the technology is, to actually play the role in net-zero carbon emissions that is hoped for it.




The Case for Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage

Before getting to the details of the talk, I want to outline, in thumbnail form, the case for Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, that I have gathered from these talks and other sources:

  • The human race continues to have an insatiable desire for energy. However, its main way of feeding this desire creates increasing levels of greenhouse gases, which are endangering the planet’s climate.

  • Renewables are promising, but there are also problems.

    • They will take decades to be rolled out at the scale needed to take over the task of supplying all this energy. As well as producing the huge amount of energy needed, there is also the need to store this energy, as the sun doesn’t always shine, nor does the wind always blow.

    • They also have potential environmental issues, related to sourcing raw materials for solar panels and wind generators, and dealing with these products after their useful life is over.

    • There is a limit to how many rivers can be dammed. Plus, the damming of rivers also creates environmental problems.

  • Nuclear energy is another alternative, but it has its own problems.

    • Fission reactor accidents are an ongoing concern.

    • Mining uranium creates environmental damage.

    • Storage of radioactive wastes is still a problem.

    • The risk of nuclear weapons proliferation has not gone away.

  • Game-changing technology, such as nuclear fusion is possible, but as we have all learned it tends to be “35 years in the future” and has been for a long time.

  • Conservation and increased energy efficiency are partial solutions, but in a world that is still committed to constant economic and population growth, they seem like treading water. Gains in efficiency are quickly offset by increasing population and levels of consumption.

  • All this means that fossil fuels may be hard to abandon.

    • There are are still a lot of fossil fuels locked up in the Earth, that have the potential to continue to provide vast amounts of energy, needed by societies around the world.

    • In addition, there is a huge infrastructure (technological, financial, and political) that has grown up around this industry over the past two centuries. Unravelling this infrastructure won’t be easy or cheap. It may even be dangerous, as producer countries and regions are not likely to go “gently into that good night”.

    • If the technology to capture carbon dioxide safely, cheaply and permanently is perfected, many of these problems might be averted. Renewables could be developed and perfected at a sustainable pace, nuclear energy could be improved and the “35 year future” for breakthrough physics might even have time to arrive.



The Panel Discussion

Note that I have kept my review of the discussion in point form. I can’t guarantee that I got every detail right, but the overall essence of the talk is here.

General Observations and Context (Dr. Rick Chakaturnyk, Engineering professor, University of Alberta)

  • Dr. Chakaturnyk is in the Faculty of Engineering, with a particular interest in Reservoir Geomechanics.

  • He was involved in the Weyburne CO2 storage facility development, including devleoping standards for CO2 storage.

  • He noted that the panel discussion will feature “opportunities that haven’t yet been realized”. Among these were development of the hydrogen economy. CCUS has a role in this.

    • Is it ready for the scale required?

    • Is there sufficient storage capacity?

    • Is there sufficient transport capacity?

    • Is the technology for conversion to different fuels being developed?

  • Some challenges include:

    • Cost effectiveness.

    • Safe storage, especially given the huge volumes needed.

    • The competition for pore space (i.e. there are many other technologies competing for the underground storage space, such as such as CO2 storage and geothermal development).

  • He noted that there are already several Canadian projects up and running, in the 1 to 2 megatons per year range. Much more will be needed, especially as new projects come into use that will also require storage.

  • There are many aspects involved in managing all this, including the development of inter-related industrial hubs, the need for transport (e.g. pipelines) and the requirement of much more storage space.



Edmundo Perez, Tech de Monterey, Mexico (data science)

  • Among other things, Edmundo Perez of Tech de Monterey in Mexico, is a data science expert with extensive experience in developing computer simulations.

  • His talk featured the sub-title “Timing, Scale, Money”.

  • He began by emphasizing the need for CO2 capture, which is basically driven by concerns over global warming. This represents a huge challenge for sustainability.

  • He also noted that in his opinion, we will have to “not use” much of the fossil fuel resource base, even with successful carbon capture technologies.

  • CCUS has come up in many “net zero” technology plans, but he noted that the level of development needed for this transition is huge. He estimated that carbon capture would have to scale up by about a factor of 4, every year, in order to reach net-zero by 2050 via CCUS alone.

  • This CCUS development would be needed to be implemented for a wide variety of purposes and processes, such as:

    • Cement production.

    • Iron and steel production.

    • Power generation (carbon capture at fossil fuel generating plants).

    • Chemical production, including ethanol and fertilizers.

    • Hydrogen production, via the process of stripping carbon from natural gas, freeing the hydrogen for various purposes (e.g. combustion, fuel cells).

    • Transportation that can’t be fully electrified (e.g. large trucks and airplanes).

  • This is far from the situation today. Development has been slow and spotty on a global scale. A great amount of acceleration is required.

  • As of now, there is no overarching policy for this development and most applications are not yet mature, in terms of commercial markets.

  • A factor in this slow roll-out of CCUS technologies, is the strong competition from solar and wind power generation, which have had huge cost reductions over the past decades. In addition, to most of the public they have an advantage in political appeal.

  • CCUS does have a reliability advantage, but that is expected to decline as battery and other energy storage technologies improve.

  • In all of these cases (e.g. CCUS and energy storage) full implementation can take decades, given the costs. That said, improvements in human health made possible by the adoption of these technologies should be factored into the economic picture (e.g. from reductions in many other pollutants as well as general amelioration of negative health outcomes likely to result from unimpeded global warming).

  • In addition to CCUS, he noted that technologies to remove CO2 from the atmosphere would be a tremendous breakthrough.

     

Tim Winchar (Shell engineer)

  • He is an engineer, who has extensive experience in CCUS projects, including the Quest carbon capture facility near Edmonton (a heavy oil upgrader that captures and stores CO2 produced in the upgrading process), and the Boundary Dam project in Saskatchewan (a coal-based power plant that uses carbon capture to sequester much of the CO2 produced).

  • Quest has stored over 5 million tonnes of CO2, while Boundary Dam has stored over 4.2 million tonnes.

  • He noted that Shell is doing other things to reduce CO2, not just CCUS. However, there are some industrial processes where carbon capture appears to be the only route to “net-zero” (e.g. producing cement).

  • However, CCUS will be needed to meet the various international agreements that have been made.

  • CCUS will create a great number of jobs developing and implementing the technology and help areas to retain others by allowing the world to continue using fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas.

  • He also notes that a carbon tax will be essential to speed the process along.

     

Mike Monen (Saskatchewan engineer and geoscientist)

  • He is also an engineer and geoscientist, with extensive experience in carbon capture and storage.

  • This includes both the Boundary Dam project in Saskatchewan and the Weyburn project in that same province. The Weyburn project has sequestered some 35 million tonnes of CO2. It injects this CO2 underground as part of an enhanced oil recovery project.

  • Based on his experience, he emphasizes that the technologies are available and that they work. However, continued government incentives are essential, at least for the present.

  • The increase in the GHG tax from $50 per ton to $170 per ton is an example of this. Part of the tax money thereby collected can go into further research.

  • That said, some of the improvements being made are driven by “bottom-up” processes, rather than being government driven.

  • In a global context, attaining net-zero CO2 emissions is a difficult job. Abatement of CO2 will be required for decades, especially as countries like China and India ramp up their energy usage (thus increasing their CO2 production).

  • These two countries had the highest growth of CO2 in the 2005 to 2020 period. The rest of the world’s counties are also bound to want to increase their use of energy, as part of their economic development.

  • CCUS implementation has an important political dimension, due to the short time scales involved and the political and economic power of the countries involved, both producer and consumer.

  • Looking at the Boundary Dam power plant as an example, he related that CO2 has dropped from 1100 tons per gigawatt of power produced to only 250 tons, a reduction of about 75%. That puts it on par with natural gas, or even somewhat lower.

  • Boundary Dam used lignite coal, which is a carbon intensive source. Other projects that used higher grades of coal or other fossil fuels would be able to produce even more impressive numbers.

  • Some other industrial processes, such as cement production, would be even easier to de-carbonize via CCUS.

  • He believes that there has been a lot of misinformation about net-zero and CCUS. For example, claims that an immediate transition to renewables is possible, though in reality he thinks this is not practical.

  • He believes that a primarily renewables electrical grid would be unstable and unreliable, at least until the storage problem is solved. CCUS would provide a more reliable clean base-load. This will entail “cleaning up” fossil fuels to become abatement fuels, via the capture and storage of CO2.

  • The involvement of the oil/gas industry will be crucial, as they have the best knowledge base about storage, due to their extensive experience with underground reservoirs.

  • In addition, enhanced oil recovery via CO2 injection can help to clean up the oil or gas production, which can then be used for CCUS power production.

  • Underground storage is the key to these developments, something that he says is in abundance in North America (especially Alberta).

  • He also feels that “the hydrogen economy” has lots of issues, but is largely possible. It would likely require the use of CCUS (e.g. stripping off carbon from natural gas to produce “blue hydrogen”). Producing all hydrogen from renewable power is still a long way off.

  • In summary, he says that we should use the technology we have now (e.g. CCUS), because waiting for breakthrough technologies is not feasible. It is unpredictable and will take too long.


     



And here is a description of a (relatively) carbon-emission reduced adventure, which you can buy on Kindle (also carbon-emission reduced, compared to paper).

A Ride on the Kettle Valley Rail Trail: A Biking Journal Kindle Edition

by Dale Olausen (Author), Helena Puumala (Editor)


The Kettle Valley Rail Trail is one of the longest and most scenic biking and hiking trails in Canada. It covers a good stretch of the south-central interior of British Columbia, about 600 kilometers of scenic countryside. British Columbia is one of the most beautiful areas of Canada, which is itself a beautiful country, ideal for those who appreciate natural splendour and achievable adventure in the great outdoors.

The trail passes through a great variety of geographical and geological regions, from mountains to valleys, along scenic lakes and rivers, to dry near-desert condition grasslands. It often features towering canyons, spanned by a combination of high trestle bridges and long tunnels, as it passes through wild, unpopulated country. At other times, it remains quite low, in populated valleys, alongside spectacular water features such as beautiful Lake Okanagan, an area that is home to hundreds of vineyards, as well as other civilized comforts.

The trail is a nice test of one’s physical fitness, as well as one’s wits and adaptability, as much of it does travel through true wilderness. The views are spectacular, the wildlife is plentiful and the people are friendly. What more could one ask for?

What follows is a journal of two summers of adventure, biking most of the trail in the late 1990s. It is about 33,000 words in length (2 to 3 hours reading), and contains numerous photographs of the trail. There are also sections containing a brief history of the trail, geology, flora and fauna, and associated information.

After reading this account, you should have a good sense of whether the trail is right for you. If you do decide to ride the trail, it will be an experience you will never forget.

Amazon U.S.: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Amazon U.K.: https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Amazon Germany: https://www.amazon.de/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Amazon Canada: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B01GBG8JE0

Amazon Australia: https://www.amazon.com.au/dp/B01GBG8JE0